Some Trials of Enlightenment in the Arab Homeland (Their Successes and Failures)
Dr. Fares Thaher al-Fayez

Abstract
This study attempted to show some sides of the Arab retardation and comparing it with the European Renaissance, which surpassed us and could overstep retardation are lessons taught from other's trials. Napoleon's campaign to Egypt and Sham countries, and what it brought from styles of progress and the European advancement in a period of time not more than three years (1798-1801) had a great effect in shaking the Moslem's emotions in Egypt and the rest of Arab countries and pushed them to attempt to be alerting get out of their slumber and retardation and irritated their feelings to release from freezing, which dominated their minds. Their scientific production and intellect giving stagnated for decades, after they had been masters of the world in former times and presented to Europe in the middle ages what led to its renaissance in the modern age. The study indicated to Mohammad Ali Pasha's trial in Egypt (1804-1845) and his serious attempts for rising in a terse style. It also showed some sharing of some scholars and great thinkers and enlightened Arabs in the Nineteenth century and the beginning of the Twentieth century and their striving attempts and intellectual works, in which the diligently laid in serving their nation and native land their insistence on change, they received all types of subjugation, chance, exile, expatriation and killing sometimes by the governing authorities at that period. That prevailed at the whole Arab and Islamic world, and the state is still as it had been.

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